Macaca sylvanus (Cercopithecidae)
Macaca sylvanus ist eine Primatenart innerhalb der Familie Cercopithecidae, die ab dem Pliozän lebte, das vor rund 5,333 Millionen Jahren begann und bis vor vor 2,588 Millionen Jahren andauerte.
Daten zu den einzelnen Funden von Macaca sylvanus
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betfia 13 | On the southern slope of Somleu Hill, near the village of Betfia (county Bihor). | Calabrian zwischen 0.78 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren |
Betfia XIII, Somleu Hill |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Lithographie | Kommentar z. Taxonomie | |
| Cave deposit. The abundance of Mimomys species and the appearance of two primitive species of arhizodont arvicolids make it possible to place this fauna at the beginning of the Biharian (Early Pleistocene, Eburonian). The large number of Villanyian survivors justifies such a dating. Is subsequent to the first Eburonian cooling, and probably corresponds to a warming phase in the middle of this glacial complex. | A calcareous, slightly cemented breccia with terra-rossa, accumulated in a karstic fissure. | Contains some thermophilous forms, such as Macaca sylvana cf. florentina and a species of flying squirrel, is subsequent to the first Eburonian cooling, and probably corresponds to a warming phase in the middle of this glacial complex. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betfia 9 | On the southern slope of Somleu Hill, near the village of Betfia (county Bihor). | Calabrian zwischen 0.78 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren |
Betfia IX, Somleu Hill |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | |||
| Dated to a mild phase of the later Waalian (~1.3-1.2Ma). |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sierra de Quibas | On the eastern border of the Sierra de Quibas, in Abanilla. | Calabrian zwischen 0.78 und 1.81 Millionen Jahren |
Quibas |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Kommentar z. Taxonomie | ||
| site is the filling of a karstic cavity, the majority of specimens were collected from the ground surface. Two levels in the lower part of the detritic sequence are very rich in fossils. Dated using microfauna to between 1.3-1.0Ma. | fauna reflects the area around the cavity - rocky with brushwood areas, but some species indicate the presence of woods and humid areas. A dry palaeoclimatic regime, pehaps a little wetter and warmer than the present. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Geologie, Formation | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'Ubeidiya Formation, site I-15LF/I16 | Co-ordinate based on the nearest village which is Kibbutz Beit Zera. Site is south of Lake Galilee (= Lake Kinneret), in the Jordan Valley. | - zwischen 0.01 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren |
'Ubeidiya | Oubeidiyeh |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Lithographie | |||
| Site has been subject to much tectonic movement - archaeological levels are almost vertical in the section. There have been four major depositional cycles, the lowest is of archaeological interest and is termed the Fi (lower Fluviatile). This limnic level is 30m thick. Formation dated to between 1.4-1.0Ma, but is thought (on faunal grounds) to be at the older end of this range. | 'The Fi cycle consists of clay, clastic conglomerates, chalky marls, silt and basaltic sands, often altered by paleosols.' Site I-15LF/I-16 was part of the lake shoreline and is a conglomerate on green clay, c.30 cm thick. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Zoppega 2, Brecce di Soave, Verona, Northern Italy | Co-ordinates based on the town of Soave between Verona and Vicenza. Site is on Monte Zoppega. | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||
| Earliest Middle Pleistocene, Galerian. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Geologie, Formation | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Runton Freshwater Bed | Co-ordinates based on the village of West Runton. | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
Cromer Forest Bed | WRFB |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||||
| Early Middle Pleistocene. Cromerian stratotype. Pollen substage 2. |
| Sammlung | Epoche, Alter | Kommentar zur Sammlung |
|---|---|---|
| Voigtstedt bei Sangerhausen, Lehmzone | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
Voigtstedt Loam zone,\r\nVoigtstedt clay level |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||
| Three levels with fauna recorded, the lower gravels (unteren Kiesen), The loam zone (Lehmzone), and the upper gravels (Oberen Kiesen). The lower gravels are the lowest level and represent a cold period. The Middle level (Lehmzone) is a warm period = Early Middle Pleistocene, the Voigtstedt-Warmzeit, definitely the Brunhes Chron. |
| Sammlung | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|
| Heppenloch bei Urach | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | |
| Middle Middle Pleistocene, similar age to Karlich H (= Holsteinian, 0.3Ma). |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Vallonnet Cave bed 3 'faunal level', Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes Maritimes | Site is a cave near Roquebrune-cap-Martin on which the co-ordinates have been based. | Calabrian zwischen 0.78 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Lithographie | |
| Dated by ESR between 980,000 to 910,000 years ago (Jaramillo event). Late Early Pleistocene. Mammalian fauna is found in level 3, known as the 'Faunal horizon of Vallonnet'. There are three levels within member 3 - B1, B2 and C, but the large mammal faunal list is not subdivided. | sandy clayey-muds, rich in stoneas and pebbles. Red in colour and 30 to 100cm thick. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Casa Sgherri, Lower Valdarno, Tuscany | Site co-ordinates estimated from map in figure 1a. North, and on the right hand side, of the River Arno in the Lower Valdarno, near Ponte a Cappiano (Firenze), close to the Usciana creek. | - zwischen 0.01 und 5.33 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Lithographie | Kommentar z. Taxonomie |
| Dated to between the Costa san Giacomo and Olivola faunal units (roughly 2.1-1.8Ma), earliest Biharian. In the informal Massarella geological unit, a continental deposit, with a marine and transitional deposit above the Casa Sgherri fauna. | 'silty sands and gravels and sometimes bears cross-bedded structures.' P. 245. | Fauna indicate a 'wooded and humid environment where open spaces were common, under a temperate climate' P. 251. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter | Kommentar zur Sammlung | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tourkovounia 3-5 | Co-ordinates based on Athens. | Piacenzian zwischen 2.59 und 3.2 Millionen Jahren |
TRV; Tourkobounia 3-5 | |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||||
| Uncertain age but thought to be Early Villanyian, Middle Villafranchian, MNQ17, Pliocene. | ||||
| U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: | Macaca florentina | |||
| Sammlung | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|
| West Runton Freshwater Bed | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Cova del Bolomor level IV | #e Bolomor Cave site (Fig.& 14.1) is located on the southern slope of the Valldigna, ~2 km SE of Tavernes de la Valldigna (Valencia, Spain) and ~100 m above sea level. | Late Pleistocene zwischen 0.01 und 0.13 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||
| There is currently a programme underway, radiometric dating by OSL, ESR and palaeomagnetism, which will further re"ne the chronology of the entire sequence. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Cova del Bolomor level XII | #e Bolomor Cave site (Fig.& 14.1) is located on the southern slope of the Valldigna, ~2 km SE of Tavernes de la Valldigna (Valencia, Spain) and ~100 m above sea level. | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||
| There is currently a programme underway, radiometric dating by OSL, ESR and palaeomagnetism, which will further re"ne the chronology of the entire sequence. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Cova del Bolomor level XV | #e Bolomor Cave site (Fig.& 14.1) is located on the southern slope of the Valldigna, ~2 km SE of Tavernes de la Valldigna (Valencia, Spain) and ~100 m above sea level. | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | ||
| There is currently a programme underway, radiometric dating by OSL, ESR and palaeomagnetism, which will further re"ne the chronology of the entire sequence. |
| Sammlung | Kommentar zum Fundort | Epoche, Alter |
|---|---|---|
| Marathousa 1, unit UB4 | ‘Marathousa 1’ was discovered in 2013 during an archaeological survey conducted by a team from the Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology-Speleology of southern Greece and the University of Tübingen. The site was located when stratified bones and artefacts were identified in a profile of the Marathousa Member. After the initial discovery, the remainder of the 2013 field season was devoted to rescue excavations in order to collect, or to cover with plaster-jackets, material that was in danger of eroding out of the section. The results presented here refer to data collected during the salvage of archaeological work and test pitting of 2013, and also to data collected during the first season of systematic excavations in 2014. Fossil bones and lithic artefacts occur in varying densities for around 100m along the profile, but the exact spatial extent of the site is yet to be established. Excavation units of 1×1m were opened in two excavation areas, A and B | Middle Pleistocene zwischen 0.13 und 0.78 Millionen Jahren |
| Kommentar z. Stratigraphie | Lithographie | |
| Weighted mean of several optically stimulated luminescence dates | Layer 4 is a 0.6–1.8m-thick deposit of dark brown silty sand, rich in organic remains and interbedded with lenses of fine sands, some of which are laminated. The underlying Layer 5 is composed of greyish clayey sand, and it is more homogeneous in structure than the previous layer. In addition to lithic artefacts, and with the exception of small (usually < 20mm) sandstone and limestone gravels that occur very sporadically, all layers in the sequence generally lack any rocks. |
Literatur
N. Symeonidis, H. Zapfe 1976, Primatezahne (Cercopithecidae) aus einer Plistozanen Spaltenfullung im Steinbruch Tourkobounja, Athen. Annales geologiques des pays helleniques. 28, p. 207 - 214H. de Lumley, H-D. Kahlke, A-M. Moigne, P-E. Moulle. 1988, Les Faunes de grands mammiferes de la Grotte du Vallonnet, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes. L'Anthropologie. 92:2, p. 465 - 496
M. Bon, G. Piccoli, B. Sala 1991, I giacimenti Quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia Nord-Orientale. Memorie degli Instituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Universita di Padova. 47:2, p. 185 - 231
A. J. Stuart, G. Piccoli, B. Sala 1992, The Pleistocene Vertebrate Faunas of West Runton, Norfolk, England. Cranium. 9:2, p. 77 - 84
A. J. Stuart, G. Piccoli, B. Sala 1995, Insularity and Quaternary vertebrate faunas in Britain and Ireland. In R. C. Preece, ed., Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. Geological Society Special Publication No. 96, London.. :2, p. 111 - 125
E. Terzea, G. Piccoli, B. Sala 1996, Biochronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Betfia (Bihor, Romania). Acta Zoologica Cracovensia. 39:1, p. 531 - 540
W. von Koenigswald, W.-D. Heinrich, B. Sala 1999, Mittelpleistozane Saugetierfaunen aus Mitteleuropa - der Versuch einer biostratigraphischen Zuordnung. Kaupia. 9:1, p. 53 - 112
F. Marcolini, F. P. Bonadonna, T. Kotsakis, P. Mazza, G. Zanchetta 2000, Preliminary data on the micro- and macromammal remains from Casa Sgherri, Lower Valdarno (Tuscany, Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana. 39:2, p. 243 - 252
P. Montoya, M. T. Alberdi, L. J. Barbadillo, J. van der Made, J. Morales, X. Murelaga, E. Penalver, F. Robles, A. R. Bustos, A. Sanchez, B. Sanchiz, D. Soria, Z. Szyndlar 2001, Une faune tres diversifee du Pleistocene inferieur de la Sierra de Quibas (province de Murcia, Espagne). Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences Serie II Fasicule A - Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes. 332:2, p. 387 - 393
S. Gaudzinski, M. T. Alberdi, L. J. Barbadillo, J. van der Made, J. Morales, X. Murelaga, E. Penalver, F. Robles, A. R. Bustos, A. Sanchez, B. Sanchiz, D. Soria, Z. Szyndlar 2004, Subsistence patterns of Early Pleistocene hominids in the Levant - taphonomic evidence from the 'Ubeidiya Formation. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31:2, p. 65 - 75
R. Blasco, J. Fernández Peris, L. J. Barbadillo, J. van der Made, J. Morales, X. Murelaga, E. Penalver, F. Robles, A. R. Bustos, A. Sanchez, B. Sanchiz, D. Soria, Z. Szyndlar 2021, From tortoises to elephants: the impact of elephants in the broad spectrum diet at Bolomor Cave (MIS 9–5 Spain). Human-Elephant Interactions: from Past to Present. :2, p. 363 - 385, DOI: 10.15496/publikation-55585
G. E. Konidaris, A. Athanassiou, E. Panagopoulou, K. Harvati 2022, First record of Macaca (Cercopithecidae, Primates) in the Middle Pleistocene of Greece. Journal of Human Evolution. 122:103104, p. 1 - 14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103104
