Die Salmlerartigen (Characiformes), auch Salmler oder Salmlerfische genannt, sind eine Ordnung der Knochenfische. Sie umfasst etwa 1900 Arten, u. a. die Piranhas und Neonsalmler. Einige Arten werden als Speisefische genutzt, viele Arten sind aufgrund ihrer Farbenpracht beliebte Süßwasserzierfische.
Verbreitung
Die Salmlerartigen kommen in tropischen Seen und Flüssen in Südamerika, Zentralamerika und in Afrika südlich der Sahara und im Nil (etwa 210 Arten) vor. Dieses Verbreitungsmuster legt nahe, dass sie sich während der Kreidezeit diversifiziert haben.
Merkmale
Die Ordnung der Salmlerartigen ist vielgestaltig, die meisten Arten sind aber von barbenartiger Gestalt, aalähnlich langgestreckte Formen oder abgeflachte Bodenbewohner fehlen jedoch. Die Salmler Amerikas haben vielfältigere Körperformen hervorgebracht als die afrikanischen Salmler.
Wie alle Ostariophysi sind die Salmlerartigen insbesondere durch den Weberschen Apparat, der hier einfach gebaut ist, und eine Reihe knöchriger Strukturen zwischen Schwimmblase und dem inneren Ohr gekennzeichnet. Kennzeichen der meisten Characiformes sind eine kleine Fettflosse zwischen Rückenflosse und Schwanzflosse sowie der Besitz von kräftigen Zähnen. Die Bezahnung im Oberkiefer liegt normalerweise auf dem Prämaxillare. Das Maxillare ist meist nicht oder nur schwach bezahnt. Weiterhin können das Pterygoid und Palatinum bezahnt sein. Die Kieferzähne sind mehrspitzig. Bei den Breitlingssalmlern (Curimatidae) fehlen die Zähne im Alter. Der Oberkiefer ist nicht vollständig vorstülpbar, Ausnahmen sind die Keulensalmler (Hemiodontidae) und die Barbensalmler (Prochilodontidae). Schlundzähne sind normalerweise vorhanden, aber nur bei den Engmaulsalmler (Anostomidae) ähnlich spezialisiert wie bei den Karpfenartigen (Cypriniformes). Barteln fehlen, die Anzahl der Branchiostegalstrahlen liegt bei drei bis fünf.
Der Körper ist normalerweise mit Kammschuppen oder kammschuppenähnlichen Schuppen bedeckt, der Kopf ist unbeschuppt. Schuppen fehlen nur bei der südlichsten Art Gymnocharacinus bergii, die auch keine Fettflosse hat. Die Bauchflossen werden von fünf bis zwölf Flossenstrahlen gestützt, die Schwanzflosse hat normalerweise 19 Hauptflossenstrahlen. Die Afterflosse ist kurz oder gemäßigt lang, mit weniger als 45 Flossenstrahlen. Alle Flossenstrahlen sind Weichstrahlen. Bei den Männchen können die Flossenstrahlen der After- und Bauchflossen kleine Häkchen aufweisen. Die erste Hypuralia ist durch eine Lücke vom Wirbelkörper getrennt. Eine solche Lücke fehlt bei den meisten anderen niederen Teleostei. Die Seitenlinie ist manchmal unvollständig. Salmlerartige sind Physostomen, die zweigeteilte Schwimmblase steht mit dem Darm in Verbindung. Sie dient einigen Raubsalmlern (Erythrinus & Hoplerythrinus) als zusätzliches Amungsorgan.
Viele Salmlerartige sind sehr farbenfroh, viele auch silbrig. Die größte Art ist der 1,40 Meter lange Hydrocynus goliath aus dem Kongo. Einige Arten bleiben auch unter einer Länge von drei Zentimeter, die kleinste wird 13 mm lang.
Lebensweise
Viele Salmler sind Schwarmfische. Sie ernähren sich als Fleisch-, Alles- oder Pflanzenfresser. Zu den Fleischfressern gehören die in lockeren Schwärmen lebenden Piranhas, sowie langgestreckte Raubfische, wie die Spindel- und Raubsalmler, die Amerikanischen und die Afrikanischen Hechtsalmler. Der Wimpelpiranha (Catoprion mento), Gnathodolus bidens und Probolodus heterostomus sind Schuppenfresser. Die Distichodontidae-Gattungen Belonephago, Eugnathichthys, Ichthyoborus & Phago ernähren sich hauptsächlich von den Flossen anderer Fische. Zu den Pflanzenfressern zählen der Schwarze Pacu, die Metynnis- und die Myleus-Arten. Nur wenige Salmler betreiben Brutpflege, der Laich wird meist in Pflanzen abgesetzt. Einige Salmlerartige können akustisch, mit Tönen, die durch die mit Hilfe von Trommelmuskeln in Vibrationen versetzte Schwimmblase erzeugt werden, miteinander kommunizieren. Die chorartigen Laute der Prochilodus können auch außerhalb des Wassers wahrgenommen werden und dienen einheimischen Fischern zum Auffinden der Schwärme.
Äußere Systematik
Die Salmlerartigen gehören zu den Ostariophysi zu denen auch die Karpfenartigen (Cypriniformes) und Welsartigen (Siluriformes) gehören. Sie sind die Schwestergruppe der Siluriphysi (Welsartige & Neuwelt-Messerfische) und bilden mit ihnen das Taxon Characiphysi. Ihre phylogenetischen Beziehungen sind in folgendem Kladogramm dargestellt:
Neuwelt-Messerfische und Welse wie
Hypancistrus zebra sind die nächsten Verwandten der Salmlerartigen.
Innere Systematik
Es gibt etwa 2000 Arten in ca. 270 Gattungen, 24 Familien und zwei Unterordnungen [1]:
- Unterordnung Citaharinoidei, Afrika, Zähne zweihöckerig, zweite und dritte Postcleithra (Knochen im Schultergürtel) zusammengewachsen, Neuralbogen des vierten Wirbels autogen, Ctenoidschuppen (Cycloidschuppen bei Citharinus), relativ viele Bauchflossenstrahlen.
Prachtkopfsteher (
Anostomus anostomus)
Schlußlicht-Drachenflosser (
Gnathocharax steindachneri)
- Unterordnung Characoidei, Afrika, Süd- und Mittelamerika.
Die wahrscheinlichen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zeigt folgendes Kladogramm [1]:
| Characiformes
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Echte Salmler (Characidae)
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Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3
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Chalceidae
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Schlanksalmler (Lebiasinidae)
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Amerikanische Hechtsalmler (Ctenoluciidae)
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Wolfssalmler (Cynodontidae)
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Parodontidae
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Raubsalmler (Erythrinidae)
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Pracht- und Bodensalmler (Crenuchidae)
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| Citaharinoidei
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Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style
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Fossilüberlieferung
Das älteste Fossil eines salmlerähnlichen Fisches stammt aus dem Albium, die chronostratigraphisch höchste Stufe in der Unterkreide. Santanichthys aus Brasilien war wahrscheinlich marin oder lebte in Brackwasser und ist wahrscheinlich der älteste Salmlerartige oder der älteste Otophysier. Weiter fossile Salmlerartige sind Sorbincharax aus der ausgestorbenen Familie Sorbincharacidae, Paleohoplias und Tiupampichthys aus Südamerika, Eocitharinus, möglicherweise ein Vertreter der afrikanischen Unterordnung Citaharinoidei und Mahengecharax, möglicherweise die Schwesterart der Alestidae. Die rezente Gattung Brycon ist schon aus dem Oligozän bekannt, Tetragonopterus und Triportheus seit dem Miozän [2].
Literatur
- Kurt Fiedler: Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie (2. Band, 2. Teil: Fische). Gustav Fischer Verlag., Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6.
- Joseph S. Nelson: Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- Günther Sterba: Süsswasserfische der Welt. Urania Verlag., Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4.
- Petru Banaescu: Zoogeography of Fresh Waters. Aula Verlag., Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-89104-480-1.
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Claudio Oliveira et al.: Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:275 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-275
- ↑ K. A. Frickhinger: Fossilien Atlas Fische, Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 1999, ISBN 3-88244-018-X
Weblinks
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